Lawyers and judicial law clerks judges, magistrates and other judicial workers legal support workersĢ5-0000 Education, training, and library occupations
Substance abuse and behavioral disorder counselors marriage and family therapists mental health counselors rehabilitation counselors child, family and school social workers healthcare social workers mental health and substance abuse social workers probation officers and correctional treatment specialists social and human service assistants clergy directors of religious activities and education Information security analysts computer support specialistsġ7-0000 Architecture and engineering occupationsĪerospace engineers chemical engineers civil engineers industrial engineers, including health and safety mechanical engineers mining safety engineers nuclear engineers petroleum engineers aerospace engineering and operations technicians civil engineering technicians electrical and electronics engineering technicians industrial engineering technicians mechanical engineering techniciansġ9-0000 Life, physical, and social sciencesĪstronomers and physicists atmospheric and space scientists clinical and counseling psychologists biological technicians chemical technicians geological and petroleum technicians nuclear technicians forensic science technicians forest and conservation techniciansĢ1-0000 Community and social service occupations Industrial production managers transportation managers, storage and distribution managers farmers, ranchers and other agricultural managers construction managers food service managers gaming managers lodging managers computer and information systems managers medical and health services managers emergency management directorsġ5-0000 Computer and mathematical operations Finally, recommendations are made for both clinicians and occupational health leaders in industries with 24-h or shift work operations. The etiology and consequences of shift work disorder are then reviewed. We first present the general characteristics of shift work. The purpose of the present article therefore was to synthesize the available evidence regarding shift work from clinical and organizational perspectives. Although data remain scant, from an organizational perspective, reducing the costs associated with shift work has the potential to realize significant financial gain. However, efforts to reduce the burden of shift work in the workplace remain in their infancy. Recent scientific discoveries have advanced understanding of individual differences in tolerance to shift work and expanded treatment options for individuals with SWD.
Furthermore, at the societal level, SWD is associated with dramatically increased accident risk and thus financial costs borne by employers and the public. These individuals experience significant negative health consequences and diminished quality of life as a result of shift work. A subset of shift workers develops shift work disorder (SWD), a condition that is triggered by circadian misalignment and which results in insomnia and/or excessive sleepiness. As a result, in many nations, approximately one in five working adults works a nontraditional shift outside “regular” 9:00 am to 5:00 pm hours. Throughout the industrialized world, 24-h operations are necessary for public safety and health and are frequently economically advantageous.
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